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Dairy farming is often described in terms of litres, livestock and logistics. But in rural India, it is also a story of women—of quiet economic power, daily discipline and social transformation. If we want to talk seriously about women’s empowerment in India, we cannot ignore the cowsheds, milk cans and early morning collection centres that form the backbone of the dairy sector. India is the world’s largest milk producer. Behind this statistic are millions of rural households, and within those households, it is women who do much of the work: feeding cattle, cleaning sheds, milking animals and managing small but steady streams of income. Dairy farming fits into the rhythm of rural life. It does not demand large landholdings. It can be started with a few animals. It offers daily returns instead of seasonal payouts. These features make it uniquely accessible to women. Unlike many agricultural activities, dairy farming can be managed from the homestead. This matters in rural India, where mobility is often restricted by social norms. Women who may not be allowed to travel far for wage labour can still run dairy operations. When milk is collected at the village level through cooperative societies, women can participate without stepping outside socially accepted boundaries. 

 

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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.2

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The global oilseed industry has seen considerable shifts in output resulting from unfavorable weather patterns, market fluctuation, and climate change. India ranks as the fourth-largest oilseed producer globally, contributing 10% to the world’s total productivity and utilizing 20.8% of all arable land globally. Since domestic oilseed production cannot keep up with demand, India has been compelled to import a lot of edible oils. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the growth and decay of oilseed production in India. The study examines the level of development in the area, production, and yield of selected oilseed crops, focusing on their relative contributions to total crop yields. Compound annual and annual average growth rates are calculated, and the Cuddy-Della Valle index was used to assess changes in time-series data. Decomposition analysis reveals the role of regional and employment growth in determining productivity change, suggesting that employment growth, rather than regional expansion, is the primary factor that improves productivity. The study recommends enhancing oilseed productivity through improved agricultural practices to address challenges posed by climate change.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.3

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Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) plays a vital role in enhancing food security and soil fertility within cereal-based cropping systems of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Despite its agronomic potential, yield stagnation persists due to suboptimal nutrient management. A field experiment conducted during Kharif 2023–24 at the Agricultural Research Farm, BHU, evaluated six nutrient management treatments under a randomized block design to assess their impact on mung bean productivity and profitability. The integration of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF) through specialized NPK pulse fertilizer(14:35:14) supplemented with MOP and urea (T3) recorded the highest seed yield (2.24 t ha⁻¹), biological yield (5.58 t ha⁻¹), and harvest index (38.4%). Economic analysis revealed T3 as the most viable option,  achieving the highest net return (` 1,59,071.54 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (3.27). The superior performance is attributed to balanc ed macro- and micronutrient availability, enhanced nodulation, and improved
physiological efficiency. These findings underscore the importance of micronutrient-enriched fertilizer strategies for sustainable mung bean intensification in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.4

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Effective agricultural risk management is essential to safeguard the livelihoods of farmers against climate variability and market uncertainties. Given the ongoing pressures from climate change and economic challenges, protecting farmers from yield losses is increasingly important. The study examines the growth of Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) in Odisha, identifying key adoption drivers and barriers that farmers face in participating. Primary data were gathered from 140 adopters and 60 non-adopters
in two purposively selected districts in Odisha, which was analyzed using Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Cuddy Della Valle Index (CDVI), Logit regression, and Garrett’s ranking technique. Farmer enrollment under PMFBY has shown steady growth during the Kharif season (15.53%) but was relatively low in the Rabi season (0.12%). The number of beneficiaries rose significantly in both Kharif (53.27%) and Rabi (57.56%) seasons, though with high variability. However, claim payouts demonstrated a negative
growth rate and high instability across both seasons. Factors such as education and awareness about crop insurance were significant in influencing adoption, with access to credit and social networks further encouraging uptake. Common issues faced by both adopters and non-adopters included the absence of local grievance mechanisms, delays in Crop Cutting Experiments (CCE), late insurance settlements, lack of transparency, and incomplete documentation in the cultivator’s name. Enhancing farmer awareness through extension services, social media, and other communication platforms, alongside tailoring insurance units to individual farms, could improve risk coverage and strengthen the scheme’s impact.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.5

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Rural women play an essential role in sustaining household economies through their contribution in both economic and non economic activities. This study was conducted to determine the factors influencing rural women’s performance in opting different economic and non economic activities in Manipur. Data were collected from 320 rural women respondents from 2 districts of Manipur, viz; Churachandpur and Chandel. A structured interview schedule was used for data collection. A Multiple Linear Regression analysis was employed to determine the effect of independent variables such as age, education, marital status, household size, landholding, access to credit, training, experiences, access to market, decision making, income contributed by both men and women (in1000), social norms, social service, household size and family size on time spent by the rural women outside home (economic activities) and time spent by them at home (non-economic activities). Results revealed that some variables significantly influenced women’s performance, while others showed minimal effect.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.6

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A survey-based study was carried out in ten villages to assess the role of women in dairy farming in Nahan Development Block of District Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh. Total number of 55 dairy farmers were selected to study quantity of milk production marketable surplus, gross returns and the problems faced by them. The results showed that around 76 per cent of women were literate and their participation was highest in tending animals and other related activities. The average milk production per farm was found to be 14.52 litres, out of which the marketable surplus was 51.93 per cent and per capita milk consumption was arrived at 1.26 litres. The major problem faced by dairy farmers was lack of knowledge about modern dairy practices and the drudgery borne by women while performing the important activities. Therefore, there is a need to educate farm women about new technologies and methods for increasing milk production and simultaneously to develop technologies to reduce their drudgery.

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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.7

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Present study made an attempt to understand the market Cointegration and causality of price signals among the selected markets (Adoni, Kurnool and Yemmiganur) of Major oilseeds (Groundnut, Castor and Sunflower) in Andhra Pradesh. For this, secondary time series data on market prices had been collected during the period from January 2011 to April 2023 from Agriculture Market Intelligence Centre, Lam Guntur and various selected tools namely Johansen Method of Cointegration, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Engle Granger causality test were also been employed. It was resulted with conclusion of stable price cointegration across the selected markets of Groundnut, Castor and Sunflower in the long run relation through Johansen’s Cointegration test. Where from VECM estimates on Groundnut prices, Error Correction Term (ECT) was identified as negative and significant for Adoni and Kurnool market
only, which confirmed that these series would be return to its previous long run equilibrium with the price adjustment (speed of recovery) from short run disequilibrium to long run equilibrium by 29.1% and 23.3% per month respectively. Granger Causality test revealed that there existed long run bi-directional causality for markets of Kurnool and Yemmiganur i.e., price transmission would occur in both directions for Groundnut and castor.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.8

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Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop in India. It belongs to the Fabaceae family.  It is widely grown for its oil, protein and minerals. This study analyzed the economics of groundnut production in Bikaner district of Rajasthan, focusing on growth trends, cost structures, resource use efficiency and major problems faced by farmers. In 2024-25, groundnut was grown on 57.54 lakh hectares producing 118.96 lakh tonnes, with Gujarat and Rajasthan contributing over 60 percent of the total production. Multistage sampling procedure was followed to fulfill objectives of cost of cultivation and resource use efficiency of groundnut in Bikaner district. The Bikaner district was selected for present study since it held prime position in both area and production of groundnut in Rajasthan. In next stage, Shri Dungargarh and Nokha tehsils of Bikaner were selected purposively based on highest cultivated area under the crop. Furthermore, 120 farmers were selected from randomly selected four villages of notified tehsils for agriculture year 2024–25. Various cost concept measures and Cobb-Douglas production function technique were used to analyse the collected and compiled information of selected respondents. It could be observed from the findings that about 50 per cent respondents were belonged to large size farm category and remaining 50 per cent were scattered almost equally among small and medium category of land holding. The average cost and net returns of groundnut cultivation was found at ` 56,839 and ` 91,627
per hectare, respectively in Bikaner district. The finding of resource use efficiency indicated that most of the inputs like seed, manure, fertilizer, irrigation and human labour were used in over quantities while plant protection chemicals were used in less quantity but had a positive effect on output. Study indicated that there is need to optimize input use, improve extension services and adopt better crop protection methods to increase productivity and profitability in studied area. The study recommended rational use
of inputs, improved pest control and stronger farmer support services to enhance the sustainability and profits of groundnut farming in Bikaner.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.9

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This study investigates decadal trends (2013–2024) in apple prices and arrivals in the Bilaspur market of Himachal Pradesh and compares them with national-level production and yield patterns from 1982 to 2023. Apple remains a cornerstone of temperate fruit cultivation in India, contributing significantly to rural incomes and the horticultural economy. Using analytical tools like the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and the Cuddy-Della Valle Instability Index (CDVI), the study finds that apple prices in Bilaspur grew at a moderate CAGR of 0.82 per cent, but with high instability (CDVI 44.81%) in the overall period. In contrast, national production and yield exhibited steadier growth at 1.41 per cent and 3.50 per cent, respectively. Forecasts show Bilaspur prices may rise sharply to over ` 10023.36 per quintal by Q4 (Sep- Dec) of 2027, highlighting increasing market stress and supply-side challenges. The findings emphasize the urgent need for robust cold-chain infrastructure, timely policy support, and climateadaptive strategies to manage seasonal volatility. This research offers actionable insights for producers, traders, and policymakers navigating India’s evolving apple market.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.10

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This study examines the performance and requirements of food crops in Northeast India during 2023- 24. Using secondary data from official sources, including UIDAI, FAOSTAT, Agri-exchange and the Government of India, this study employs a semi-log model and the Cuddy-Della Valle index to estimate growth and instability in the area and production of food crops. The results reveal that the region has a surplus of foodgrains (1699.35 thousand tons), fruits (2749.33 thousand tons) and vegetables (711.06 thousand tons). Despite some states facing deficits, the region is moving towards self-sufficiency in food crops. Foodgrains exhibit positive growth, while fruits and vegetables are already in surplus. The study concludes that increasing the productivity of food crops is crucial, which can be achieved through the adoption of High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of seeds, planting materials and improved cultivation practices in the Northeast region.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.11

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The present study explores the variations in prices of Tapioca in major producing states i.e., Tamil Nadu and Kerala using monthly wholesale prices of Tapioca over a period of twelve years from 2011-12 to 2022-23. The trend analysis shows a significant rise in Tapioca prices in Tamil Nadu and Kerala coupled with substantial variations during the study period. Using the percentage centred twelve-month moving average method, the seasonal pattern in prices of Tapioca was analysed. In Tamil Nadu, the highest and lowest seasonal indices for prices were observed during the months of January and November respectively with notable intra-year variations. Whereas, in Kerala the highest and lowest seasonal price indices were recorded during months of April and December respectively. A three-year price cycles and high random variations were found in both states during the study period.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.12

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A field experiment was conducted during spring-summer season of 2024 at the Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, to study the profitability of tomato as influenced by integrated weed management in shivalik foothills of Jammu. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. The experiment  comprised of nine treatments, viz, T₁ (Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i./ha (PE), T₂ (Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i./ha (PE) + one HW at 30 DAT), T₃ (Oxyfluorfen 0.25 kg a.i./ha (PPI), T₄ (Oxyfluorfen 0.25 kg a.i./ha (PPI) + one HW at 30 DAT), T₅ (Black polythene mulch), T₆ (White polythene mulch), T₇ (Two hand weeding at 30 & 45 DAT), T₈ (Weed Free), T₉ (Weedy check). Experiment results revealed that weed management treatments significantly enhanced fruit yield and economic returns. Black polythene mulch recorded significantly higher yield of 298.62 q/ha, while Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i./ha (PE) + one HW at 30 DAT recorded the highest benefit–cost ratio of 2.81. Thus, based on one year study it can be concluded that T₅ (Black polythene mulch) was found to be effective for improving fruit yield of tomato. However, T₂ (Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i./ha (PE) + one hand weeding at 30 DAT) was found to be economically viable option for tomato growers of Jammu region. 
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.13

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The study investigated the non-timber forest products (NTFPs) extracted, consumed and traded; their economic value; livelihood contribution; income inequality mitigation; and determinants of NTFP income in the Shina tribe in Gurez Himalaya. The survey used a random sampling procedure in multiple stages to select subdivisions (03), villages (18), and households (337). The methods used for the household survey included non-participant observations, structured interviews, focus group discussions, and rapid market assessments. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and OLS multiple regression. Total economic value of NTFPs extracted was ` 30733.4/household/year, including subsistence (61.63%) and cash (38.37%). NTFP income was dominated by herbal medicines, which accounted for 44.68%, while incense was the lowest (0.33%). Household average annual income was ` 92811.24, of which NTFP is the 3rd major contributor (20.41%) of the tribal economy. Gini coefficients, with (0.2873) and without (0.3539) NTFP income, indicated that NTFP income exerted a stronger (6.66%) equalizing effect on income istribution. The regression analysis revealed that the variables, namely, main occupation, herd size, annual income, proximity to forests, family forestry, and forest visits, had a significant impact on NTFP income. R2 (0.920) implies that all the factors jointly explained 92.00% of variation on the NTFP income.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.14

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Oyster mushroom cultivation is an appealing crop for many farmers nowadays as it converts inexpensive agricultural byproducts into a high-value crop. This study investigates the economic viability of oyster mushroom cultivation in East- Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, with a focus on three randomly chosen community development (CD) blocks i.e. Mebo, Pasighat, and Ruksin. A total of 60 respondents (30 oyster mushroom growers and 30 non-growers) were purposefully chosen. The cost of cultivation has been calculated per five polybag beds, and revealed that small farmers exhibited the highest total cost (` 612.11), followed by medium (` 486.94) and large farmers (` 441.63). However, the largest net return was earned by large farmers (` 506.21) succeeded by small (` 505) and medium (` 493.65). Small farmers paid ` 142.17, medium farmers paid ` 127.02, while large farmers paid `119.89 for producing 1 kg of oyster mushrooms. Notably, small farmers produced the highest yield (4.29 kg per 5-bags). As scale increased, the yield decreased due to the lack of close supervision. The benefit- cost ratio (BCR) calculated as 1.8 for mall farmers, 2.0 for medium farmers and 2.1 for large farmers, hence, larger operations produced higher profits. The study on the resource utilization efficiency indicated that farmers frequently overutilized labour, spawn, paddy straw, and other crucial inputs. The study recommends increasing training andsupport, upgrading infrastructures like cold storages and other post-harvest management facilities, providing improved connections with metropolitan markets, encouraging branding and SHG- FPOlinkages. 
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.15

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A two-year field investigation (2017–2018) was conducted at research and farmer’s field sites in Meghalaya, India, to evaluate the agronomic performance and economic viability of seven strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars under three mulching systems-black polyethylene, paddy straw, and Deenanath grass. Using a split-plot design, growth, yield, quality parameters, runner production, weed suppression, and disease incidence were recorded. Black polyethylene mulch produced the tallest plants, highest leaf
number, and superior weed control, reducing weeding costs by 25–30%. Deenanath grass mulch achieved the highest proportion of early yield (85%), enabling earlier market entry. ‘Festival’ and ‘Camarosa’ produced the largest fruits, while ‘Sweet Charlie’ recorded the highest per-plant yield. Economic analysis revealed high profitability, with net returns of ` 4.19 lakh per bigha in College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU research site and ` 8.48 lakh in Sohliya village over six years, aided by premium prices from early harvest under plasticulture. The findings demonstrate that strategic mulching and cultivar selection can significantly enhance productivity, fruit quality, and profitability in North-East Indian strawberry production systems.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.16

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Karnataka is the second largest drought prone area in the country next only to Rajasthan and water availability is one of the major concerns in the state. The present study was conducted in eight districts based on the composite climate vulnerability index. Climatic data on rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average temperature from 1981 to 2018 were collected. The results revealed that in least vulnerable districts (LVD) shift in precipitation was significant and not homogeneous from 1990. Whereas, precipitation in highly vulnerable districts (HVD), both Pettitt’s test and Buishand test were not rejected and intensity of rainfall pattern has not changed over years from 2010. Wind speed in LVD was not homogeneous from 2000 and similar results were found for the HVD. Shift in relative humidity was statistically significant according to Buishand’s test in LVD and
not homogenous from 2015. In HVD results were found to be not significant. Maximum temperature in LVD is homogeneous since the null hypothesis for the Pettitts test was not rejected at 5 per cent level of significance and it was not statistically significant. Whereas, in highly vulnerable districts, it was found to be significant according to Buishand’s test and not homogenous from 2001.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.17

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Indian cotton farming has been experiencing the resurgence of pink bollworm (PBW) during the recent year even after adopting Bt technology that protects from bollworm infestation. In the recent past, pest infestation particularly by PBW caused large-scale damage in cotton production of India. Here, question comes to the scientific backing of Bt trait to control bollworm infestation in Bt cotton. Another important concern which needs to be noted is that pink bollworm developed the resistance only in India among the 14 Bt cotton-growing countries. It means only the efficacy of Bt trait cannot be denounced, but the complex mechanism including both off the field (seed quality including trait purity) and on the field (farm practices) needs to be studied. Farm practice involving the Insect Resistance Management (IRM) Practices offer delaying of resistance development by the target pests. The study attempted to evaluate
adoption level of IRM practices by the farmers and its effect in cotton cultivation. The study was carried out in 2018 in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.18

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Traditional transplantation is the widely practiced crop establishment method in rice. The present study attempted to compare the resource use efficiency (RUE) among various crop establishment techniques in rice. A sample of 320 rice farmers was selected using a multistage sampling technique. The Cobb- Douglas production function results revealed that expenditure on seed, machine labour, and herbicide had a positive and significant impact on yield in the Dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) method. In the case of conventional transplanting (CT) method, insecticide, human labour, and irrigation charges had a positive and significant effect. The elasticity of fertilizer, machine labour, and irrigation charges was positively significant on yield in the DSDSR method, while human and machine labour were found to be significant in CT method. The RUE ratio was less than one for fertilizer (-0.32), herbicide (-0.14) and human labour (0.05) which indicated excess utilization of these resources, implying the need to reduce the quantity of these resources to achieve maximum returns in Wet direct seeded rice (WDSR) method. There is an inefficient use of resources in all the rice establishment methods, but more profound in  raditional CT method than DSR and machine transplanting. More extension interventions are needed on the recommended dose of fertilizer application for enhancing the gross returns in rice cultivation. The study suggests awareness creation among the farmers on timely herbicide application and Cono-weeder usage for effective weed control in the WDSR method, which was found to be more resource efficient. 
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.19

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Orchid cultivation has emerged as a promising high-value floriculture enterprise in the hill regions of India. This study evaluates the economic viability and resource-use efficiency of orchid cultivation in the Mirik and Kurseong blocks of Darjeeling district, West Bengal. Primary data were collected from 50 orchid growers through a structured survey using a multistage sampling technique. Financial feasibility was assessed using discounted cash flow measures including Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost Ratio
(BCR), Average Annual Net Returns, and Payback Period. Resource-use efficiency was estimated using a Cobb–Douglas production function. The results reveal that the total discounted cost of cultivation was ` 25,54,367.19 per hectare in Mirik and ` 30,91,034.32 per hectare in Kurseong. The net present value of orchid cultivation was ` 44,73,575.31 in Mirik and ` 37,80,891.84 in Kurseong, with benefit–cost ratios of 1.57 and 1.85 respectively, indicating strong financial feasibility. The payback period ranged between 2.2 and 3.15 years, suggesting relatively quick recovery of initial investment. Production function estimates  how that fertilizers, manure, and labour significantly influence orchid productivity, while excessive  sapling density may reduce yield due to crowding effects. The findings suggest that orchid cultivation can substantially enhance farm income in the hill regions. However, high initial investment and technical requirements remain key constraints. Policy interventions such as subsidized credit, technical training, and improved market infrastructure are essential for promoting sustainable expansion of orchid cultivation
in Darjeeling. 
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.20

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Understanding global research on trade policies and the empowerment of resource-poor farmers in eveloping nations is essential for guiding equitable agricultural development. This research employs Biblioshiny and VOSviewer to quantitatively map publication trends, co-authorship communities, institutional research output, and thematic development in 246 peer-reviewed documents indexed in Scopus from 2000 to 2025. To determine patterns of collaboration as well as key research areas of focus, he approah entailed partitioning and analyzing bibliographic data through elaborate search queries, data cleansing, and advanced visualisation. The results shows a remarkable rise in research productivity in the midst of global shocks like the 2008 food crisis and COVID-19, with theme concepts centered on sustainable development, international trade, and food security. Although South Asian, sub-Saharan African, and marginal smallholder views are underrepresented, the discipline remains dominated by Global North authors and organizations. Also, thematic gaps remain in the regions of digital agriculture, grassroots empowerment, gender equity, and cooperative strategies. The analysis points toward the need for further research that is South-South oriented, multidisciplinary, and context-senitive. In further
developing more extensive and effective trade policies, subsequent research must prioritize integrative approaches that actually enable resilience and empowerment for vulnerable farming groups across developing nations.
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10.46852/0424-2513.4.2025.21

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This study aims to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations and offer practical recommendations for developing an effective financial and economic mechanism of public governance that enhances the resilience of territorial communities. The research critically examines existing conceptual approaches to the notion of «community resilience» within the framework of public administration, interpreting it as the integrated ability of territorial communities to adapt to external destabilizing conditionswhile maintaining functional continuity, social cohesion, and economic viability. The study identifies the institutional architecture of key stakeholders involved in shaping and implementing this mechanis – including state authorities, local self-government, business entities, and civil society organizations – and delineates their respective roles in fostering fiscal autonomy, improving administrative efficiency, and establishing a conducive investment environment. Special emphasis is placed on collaborative governance models that enable resource mobilization through subsidiarity and ensure strategic coherence between development goals and financial instruments. The empirical analysis employs a multiple linear regression model to assess the influence of various financial and institutional factors on per capita local budget revenues. The results confirm statistically significant correlations with administrative expenditures, levels of fiscal dependency, intergovernmental transfers, and capital investments. The findings suggest that the
institutional capacity of local governments strengthens financial sustainability, while over-dependenceon external transfers constrains fiscal autonomy. The study highlights cross-sectoral synergy as a critical  enabler of community adaptation to multidimensional risks. Practical recommendations include theintroduction of risk-informed budgeting, expansion of public-private partnerships, refinement of legal  frameworks to support entrepreneurial initiatives, and enhancement of inter-municipal cooperation as a strategic tool for resilient and sustainable local development
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